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HDLC - High-Level Data Link Control Protocol - A method for encapsulating datagrams over serial links 
LCP - Link Control Protocol - A method of establishing, configuring, maintaining, and terminating the PPP connection 
NCP - Network Control Protocol -A method of establishing and configuring different Network layer protocols - is used to allow communication of multiple network layer protocols by encapsulating them across a PPP data link 
EIA/TIA-232-C - a physical layer international standard for serial communication 
PPP protocol stack is specified at the physical and data link layers and was created to replace SLIP 
 
Synchronous and non synchronous

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1. Interior (within an autonomous system
     
    a. Distance Vector - understands the direction and distance to any network connection on the internetwork. Knows how may hops (metrics) to get to that destination. Possible problems include: slow convergence, routing loops, counting to infinity (solved my max hop count). Solutions include: split horizon (cant send back where it came from); hold-down timers (prevent regular updates messages from recreating in tables that it is up); hop count ; Uses seconds hand info

         1. RIP - routing information protocol - 15 hop count maximum 
             30 seconds update
             Route invalid timer 90 seconds
             metrics

         2. IGRP - Interior gateway routing protocol (CISCO) - 255 hop count maximum, reliability factor (255) and bandwidth delay measured in 10 ms. Implements hold downs, split horizons, and poison reverse updates; 90 seconds

 
Specification IEEE 802.5 
Topology Star-wired ring 
Architecture Baseband 
Acces method Token passing 
Transfer Speed 4 Mbps or 16 Mbps 
Cable Types STP and UTP (IBM Types 1,2 and 3) 
Frame Size Between 72 and 1526 bytes

 
Token Ring - logical - uses deterministic media access - ring 
Bus - all of its nodes are connected directly to one physical length 
Star - (disadvantage - needs a lot of network media and the network would be susceptible to problems at the central node 
Extended star - LAN topology in which each of the end nodes of the core topology are acting as the center of its own star topology 
Mesh - every node is linked directly to each other 
FDDI - ring